Bank run sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Bank run''' yoki '''bankka hujum''' — bu bank mijozlarining katta qismi bank yaqin kelajakda faoliyatini to‘xtatishi yoki moliyaviy jihatdan qulashidan xavotir olib, o‘z mablag‘larini bir vaqtning o‘zida bankdan yechib olishga harakat qilishi holatidir.<ref name="Diamond2007">{{cite journal|journal=Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly|year=2007|volume=93|issue=2|pages=189–200|title=Banks and liquidity creation: a simple exposition of the Diamond-Dybvig model|last=Diamond|first=D. W.|url=http://www.rich.frb.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2007/spring/pdf/diamond.pdf|access-date=2008-10-17|archive-date=2012-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513200015/http://www.rich.frb.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2007/spring/pdf/diamond.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=2012-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513200015/http://www.rich.frb.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2007/spring/pdf/diamond.pdf}}</ref> Boshqacha aytganda, fraksion rezerv bank tizimi sharoitida (unda banklar odatda aktivlarining faqat kichik qismini naqd pul sifatida saqlaydi), ko‘plab mijozlar moliyaviy muassasa to‘lovga qodir emas (insolvent) yoki shunday holatga tushib qolishi mumkin, degan ishonch bilan omonat hisobvaraqlaridan naqd pulni birdaniga yechib olishadi. 

Agar mablag‘lar boshqa moliyaviy institutga o‘tkazilsa, bu holat kapital oqib chiqishi (capital flight) sifatida ham tavsiflanishi mumkin. Bankka hujum jarayoni davom etar ekan, u o‘z-o‘zini amalga oshiruvchi bashoratga aylanishi mumkin: ko‘proq odam pulini yechib olgani sayin, bankning defolt ehtimoli ortadi va bu yana ko‘proq pul yechib olishni keltirib chiqaradi. Natijada bank naqd pul zaxirasidan butunlay mahrum bo‘lib, to‘satdan bankrotlikka yuz tutishi mumkin.

Bankka hujumga qarshi choralar sifatida banklar:

* boshqa banklardan yoki markaziy bankdan qo‘shimcha naqd pul jalb qilishi;
* mijozlar yechib olishi mumkin bo‘lgan pul miqdorini cheklashi;
* naqd pul yetkazib berishni tezkor tashkil qilishi;
* yuqori foizli muddatli omonatlarni rag‘batlantirishi;
* yoki omonatlarni yechib olishni vaqtincha to‘xtatib qo‘yishi mumkin.

== Bank panikasi ==
'''Bank panikasi''' yoki '''bank tizimi inqirozi''' — bu bir vaqtning o‘zida ko‘plab banklarda bankka hujumlar yuz beradigan moliyaviy inqirozdir. Tizimli bank inqirozi esa mamlakatdagi bank kapitalining barchasi yoki deyarli barchasi yo‘qolib ketadigan holat bo‘lib, u jiddiy iqtisodiy oqibatlarga olib keladi.<ref name="imf2008">{{cite report|url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08224.pdf|access-date=29 September 2008|last1=Laeven|first1=L.|last2=Valencia|first2=F.|title=Systemic banking crises: a new database|type=IMF Working Paper|version=IMF WP/08/224|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2008}}</ref>

Bunday holatda ichki bank tizimi falaj holatga tushadi, natijada biznes va iste’molchilar kapitalga yetarli darajada ega bo‘la olmaydi va uzoq davom etuvchi iqtisodiy retsessiya yuzaga keladi.<ref name="Wicker">{{cite book |last=Wicker |year=1996 |first=E. |title=The Banking Panics of the Great Depression |url=https://archive.org/details/bankingpanicsofg0000unse |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66346-5}}</ref> AQSh Federal Rezerv tizimining sobiq raisi Ben Bernanke fikriga ko‘ra, Buyuk Depressiya Federal Rezerv tizimining deflyatsiyani oldini ololmagani sababli yuzaga kelgan [4] va iqtisodiy zararlarning katta qismi bevosita bankka hujumlar bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke At the Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois |date=November 8, 2002 |website=Federalreserve.gov |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/}}</ref>

1970–2007 yillarda yuz bergan yirik tizimli bank inqirozlarida:

* davlatning fiskal xarajatlari o‘rtacha YAIMning 13 '''%''' ini;
* iqtisodiy ishlab chiqarish yo‘qotishlari esa YAIMning 20 '''%''' ini tashkil qilgan.<ref name="imf20082">{{cite report|url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08224.pdf|access-date=29 September 2008|last1=Laeven|first1=L.|last2=Valencia|first2=F.|title=Systemic banking crises: a new database|type=IMF Working Paper|version=IMF WP/08/224|publisher=International Monetary Fund|year=2008}}</ref>

== Tarxi ==
Bankka hujumlar tarixan kredit kengayishi va undan keyingi qisqarish davrlarining bir qismi sifatida yuzaga kelgan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |year=2014 |first=David M. |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |page=176}}</ref>

* XVI asrdan boshlab Angliyada oltin ustalari (goldsmith bankers) tomonidan chiqarilgan majburiyat qog‘ozlari yomon hosillar sababli bankrotliklarga olib kelgan.
* Niderlandiyadagi '''lola pufagi''' (1634–1637),
* Buyuk Britaniyadagi '''Janubiy dengiz pufagi''' (1717–1719),
* Fransiyadagi '''Mississippi kompaniyasi''' inqirozi (1717–1720),
* Napoleondan keyingi depressiya (1815–1830),
* va '''Buyuk Depressiya''' (1929–1939) bankka hujumlar bilan chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lgan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |year=2014 |first=David M. |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |page=176}}</ref>

=== AQSh tajribasi ===
AQShdagi ko‘plab iqtisodiy pasayishlar bank panikalari bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan. 1929–1933 yillarda bir nechta hududlarda banklarga hujumlar sodir bo‘lgan.<ref name="Wicker2">{{cite book |last=Wicker |year=1996 |first=E. |title=The Banking Panics of the Great Depression |url=https://archive.org/details/bankingpanicsofg0000unse |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66346-5}}</ref> Kanadada esa shu davrda bankka hujumlar kuzatilmagan, bunga sabab — bank tizimidagi qat’iyroq tartibga solish edi.<ref name="sowell">{{cite book |last=Sowell |year=2010 |first=Thomas |title=The Housing Boom and Bust |edition=Revised |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0465019861 |author-link=Thomas Sowell}}</ref> Milton Fridman va Anna Shvarts fikriga ko‘ra, 1930-yillardagi bankka hujumlar banklarni kreditlarni majburiy tugatishga majbur qilgan va bu pul massasining qisqarishiga olib kelgan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |year=2014 |first=David M. |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |page=176}}</ref>

== Bankka kiber hujum (Cyber run) ==
'''Bankka kiber hujum''' — bu bankning raqamli infratuzilmasiga kiberhujum natijasida omonatchilarning tezkor va ommaviy ravishda mablag‘larini yechib olishi holatidir.<ref name="Duffie">{{cite web |last1=Duffie |first1=Darrell |last2=Younger |first2=Joshua |date=June 2019 |title=Cyber Runs |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/WP51-Duffie-Younger-2.pdf |website=Brookings University |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref>

2023-yil mart oyida Silicon Valley Bank mijozlari bir kun ichida 42 milliard AQSh dollarini yechib olgan.<ref name="Duffie2">{{cite web |last1=Duffie |first1=Darrell |last2=Younger |first2=Joshua |date=June 2019 |title=Cyber Runs |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/WP51-Duffie-Younger-2.pdf |website=Brookings University |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref>

2025-yil iyun oyida Eronning Bank '''Sepah''' bankiga kiberhujum uyushtirilishi natijasida bankomatlar va to‘lov tizimlari ishdan chiqqan, bu esa klassik bankka hujumga sabab bo‘lgan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gross |year=2014 |first=David M. |title=99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns |publisher=Picket Line Press |isbn=978-1490572741 |page=176}}</ref>

== Badiiy asarlarda ==
Bankka hujumlar ko‘plab adabiyot va filmlarda tasvirlangan, jumladan:

* ''American Madness'' (1932),
* ''It’s a Wonderful Life'' (1946),
* ''[[Mary Poppins (toʻplam)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964),
* ''[[The Simpsons]]'' serialidagi “The PTA Disbands” qismi.

== Manbalar ==