Coffea canephora sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:Coffea_canephora_2_at_Aanakkulam.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Coffea_canephora_2_at_Aanakkulam.jpg/220px-Coffea_canephora_2_at_Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb| Pishgan rezavorlar]]
[[Fayl:Coffea_canephora_1_at_Aanakkulam.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffea_canephora_1_at_Aanakkulam.jpg/220px-Coffea_canephora_1_at_Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb| Gullar]]
'''''Coffea canephora''''' (sin. '''''Coffea robusta''''', odatda ''robusta kofesi'' sifatida tanilgan) — [[Afrika]]ning markaziy va gʻarbiy Sahroi Kabiridan kelib chiqqan qahva turi. [[Roʻyandoshlar|Rubiaceae]] [[Oila (biologiya)|oilasiga mansub]] [[Gulli oʻsimliklar|gulli oʻsimlik]]. Koʻpchilikka ''Coffea robusta'' nomi bilan tanilgan boʻlsa-da, oʻsimlik ilmiy jihatdan ''Coffea canephora'' deb ataladi, uning ikkita asosiy navi ''robusta'' va ''nganda mavjud''<ref name="books.google.com">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPjMkLKebBQC&pg=PA58|title=Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv|page=58|last=J. Dagoon|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|year=2005|accessdate=22 July 2011|isbn=9789712342233}}</ref>.

''Coffea robusta'' dunyo miqyosida ishlab chiqarilayotgan kofening 43 % ni tashkil qiladi, qolgan qismi esa ''Coffea arabica'' ni tashkil qiladi. ''C. arabica'' va ''C. robustaʼdan'' olingan qahva donalarining tarkibi oʻrtasida bir nechta farqlar mavjud<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=R Urgert and M B Katan|title=The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans.|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|date=1 November 1996|volume=89|issue=11|pages=618–623|doi=10.1177/014107689608901107|pmid=9135590|pmc=1295997}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Gaia Vince|title=Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart|journal=New Scientist|date=16 November 2005|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8328-decaffeinated-coffee-may-be-harmful-to-heart/}}</ref>. ''C. robusta'' loviyalari ''C. arabica'' loviyalariga nisbatan past kislotalilik, koʻproq achchiqlikka ega.

== Tavsif ==
[[Fayl:Coffee_flowers.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coffee_flowers.jpg/220px-Coffee_flowers.jpg|thumb| Robusta kofe gullari]]
Robusta — [[Roʻyandoshlar]] [[Oila (biologiya)|oilasiga mansub]] [[Gulli oʻsimliklar|gulli oʻsimlik]] [[Tur (biologiya)|turi]]. ''Coffea robusta'' nomi keng tarqalgan boʻlsa-da, ilmiy tilda ''Coffea canephora sifatida'' yuritiladi. Coffea canephoraning ikkita asosiy navi bor, ''C. robusta'' va ''C.nganda''<ref name="books.google.com"/>. Oʻsimlik tartibsiz gullaydi, rezavorlar pishishi uchun taxminan 10-11 oy vaqt ketadi. Loviyalar oval shaklida boʻladi.

Robusta oʻsimligi arabicanikiga qaraganda koʻproq hosildorlikka ega, tarkibida koʻproq [[kofein]] (arabica 1,5 % ga nisbatan 2,7 %)<ref name="Nesbitt05"/> va kamroq [[Qand|shakar]] (3-7 %) mavjyd (arabica navida 6-9 % shakar mavjud)<ref name="TheCoffeeBarrister">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta|nashriyot=The Coffee Barrister|sana=31 July 2016|url=https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/|kirish sanasi=2 August 2016|arxivsana=20 August 2016|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820053209/https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/}}</ref>. Zararkunandalar va kasalliklarga nisbatan chidamliligi sababli,<ref name="DavironPonte2005">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Benoit Daviron|title=The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&pg=PA51|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-457-1|page=51}}</ref> robusta koʻp miqdordagi gerbitsid va pestitsidga muhtoj emas.
<gallery>
Fayl:Coffea canephora 3.JPG|Coffea canephora gullari
Fayl:Coffea robusta.jpg|Coffea robusta
Fayl:Coffea canephora berries.JPG|Coffea canephora mevalari
</gallery>

== Mahalliy tarqalish ==
''C. canephora tabiiy holatda'' Gʻarbiy va Markaziy [[Afrika]]da, [[Liberiya]] [[Tanzaniya]]gacha va janubdan [[Angola]]ga qadar oʻsadi. U 1897-yilgacha,<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Adolf|first1=Engler|last2=Germany)|first2=Königlicher Botanischer Garten (Berlin|last3=Germany)|first3=Königliches Botanisches Museum (Berlin|date=1895–1918|title=Notizblatt des Königl. Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28795724#page/279/mode/1up|language=en|volume=bd.1 (1895–1897)|publisher=In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann}}</ref> ''Coffea'' ''arabica'' qahva turi s8fatida tan olinmagan<ref name="Nesbitt05">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JXBN7fqg0MC&pg=PA177|title=The Cultural History of Plants|pages=176–177|last=Mark Nesbitt|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2005|accessdate=22 July 2011|isbn=978-0-203-02090-6}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=von|first1=Linné, Carl|last2=Lars|first2=Salvius|date=1753|title=Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358191#page/184/mode/1up|language=en|volume=1|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii}}</ref>. Shuningdek, u [[Kalimantan|Borneo]], [[Fransiya]] Polineziyasi, [[Kosta-Rika]], [[Nikaragua]], [[Yamayka]] va Kichik Antil orollarida ham oʻstiriladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=45464|sarlavha=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|ish=apps.kew.org|til=en-GB|kirish sanasi=2017-08-01|qaralgan sana=2022-09-27|arxivsana=2011-05-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504043313/http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=45464}}</ref>. 1927-yilda [[Timor]]da robusta va arabica oʻrtasidagi gibrid topildi. Keyinchalik bu shtamm zangga chidamli navlarni yaratish uchun ishlatildi<ref name="bbc">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Penarredonda|ism=Jose Luis|sarlavha=The disease that could change how we drink coffee|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20171106-the-disease-that-could-change-how-we-drink-coffee|sana=6 November 2017|ish=BBC: In depth, Food|kirish sanasi=23 November 2017}}</ref>.

== Oʻstirish va foydalanish ==
[[Fayl:Canephora.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Canephora.jpg/220px-Canephora.jpg|thumb| Qovurilmagan („yashil“ deb ataladigan) robusta fasollari]]
[[Fayl:Coffee_drying_traditional_Indonesia.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coffee_drying_traditional_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Coffee_drying_traditional_Indonesia.jpg|thumb| Indoneziyaning Kalibaru shahrida qahva donalarini anʼanaviy quritish]]
''Coffea canephora'' oʻsimligi loviyalaridan tayyorlangan [[qahva]] past kislotalilik va yuqori achchiqlikka ega.

Robusta oʻzining kelib chiqishi Afrikaning markaziy va gʻarbiy Sahroi [[Afrika|Kabir]] janubiga borib taqaladi<ref name="Dagoon05">{{Kitob manbasi |last=J. Dagoon |year=2005 |title=Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712342233 |accessdate=22 July 2011 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MPjMkLKebBQC&pg=PA58}}</ref>. Uni parvarish qilish oson, hosildorligi yuqori, kofein miqdori va antioksidantlar coffea arabicanikiga nisbatan ikki barobar koʻproq<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|title=Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material|first1=J. A.|last=Vignoli|first2=D. G.|last2=Bassoli|first3=M. T.|last3=Benassi|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=124|issue=3|year=2011|pages=863–868|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008}}</ref>. Kasalliklarga kamroq moyil<ref name="bbc"/>. Bu jahonda ishlab chiqarilgan kofening 43 % ni tashkil qiladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Coffee: World Markets and Trade|nashriyot=United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service|sana=December 2019|url=https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/m900nt40f/sq87c919h/8w32rm91m/coffee.pdf|kirish sanasi=8 May 2020}}</ref>.

U asosan Vetnamda oʻstiriladi, u yerda fransuz mustamlakachilari bu yerga oʻsimlikni <nowiki>XIX</nowiki> asrning oxirida olib kelganlar<ref name="Horowitz04">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYZaVvtGJ4sC&pg=PA41|title=Insect pest management: field and protected crops|page=41|last=A. Rami Horowitz|publisher=Springer|year=2004|accessdate=23 August 2011|isbn=978-3-540-20755-9}}</ref>. Soʻnggi yillarda asosan robusta ishlab chiqaradigan Vetnam dunyodagi eng yirik robusta kofe eksportchisiga aylandi, bu umumiy ishlab chiqarishning 40 % dan ortigʻini tashkil qiladi<ref name="CoffeeProduction">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Coffee: World Markets and Trade|nashriyot=United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service|sana=December 2019|url=https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/m900nt40f/sq87c919h/8w32rm91m/coffee.pdf|kirish sanasi=8 May 2020}}</ref>. U Braziliya (dunyo ishlab chiqarishining 25 %), Indoneziya (13 %), [[Hindiston]] (5 %) va Ugandani (5 %) ortda qoldiradi<ref name="CoffeeProduction" />. Braziliya hali ham dunyodagi eng yirik qahva ishlab chiqaruvchisi boʻlib, dunyodagi kofening uchdan bir qismini ishlab chiqaradi,<ref name="CoffeeProduction" /> ammo Braziliyada asosa C.arabica ishlab chiqariladi.

Robustaga gʻamxoʻrlik qilish osonroq va ''C. arabica''ga qaraganda koʻproq hosildorlikka ega boʻlgani uchun uni oʻstirish arzonroqqa tushadi<ref name="Miyanari08">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84mcxGe5WtsC&pg=PA7|title=Aloha Coffee Island|first=Walter|last=Miyanari|page=7|publisher=Savant Books & Publications|year=2008|accessdate=13 December 2011|isbn=978-0-615-18348-0}}</ref>. Qovurilgan robusta loviyalari oʻziga xos kuchli tuproq taʼmiga ega, lekin odatda pirazin yuqoru miqdori tufayli undan tayyorlangan qahva arabikadan koʻra achchiqroqdir<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_WbE3gaDH0C&q=robusta++earthy+flavour&pg=PT83|title=Food Flavour Technology|last=Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth|page=68|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2010|accessdate=13 December 2011|isbn=978-1-4443-1778-7}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lxbz7TG5wwAC&pg=PA799|title=Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers|page=799|first=Jean Nicolas|last=Wintgens|publisher=Wiley-VCH|year=2009|accessdate=13 December 2011|isbn=978-3-527-32286-2}}{{Oʻlikhavola|date=mart 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Odamlar arabika loviyalari koʻproq kislotalilik va boyroq lazzat bilan yumshoqroq taʼmga ega ekanligiga ishonishganligi sababli, uni robustadan ustun hisoblashadu, qattiqroq robusta loviyalaridan asosan past navli qahvalar tayyorlanadi<ref name="Miyanari08" />. Yaxshi sifatli robusta loviyalari anʼanaviy italyan espressolari uchun ishlatiladi. Bundan tashqari, robusta diuretik, antioksidant, antipiretik va spazmolik astmani engillashtiradigan vosita sifatida ishlatiladi<ref name="Reynolds">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Robusta's Rehab|muallif=Reynolds|ism=Richard|nashriyot=Coffee Geek|ish=CoffeeGeek|sana=1 February 2006|url=http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006|kirish sanasi=5 January 2010|arxivsana=13 August 2007|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813215133/http://www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy0YIUYybOsC&pg=PA52|title=The Little Book of Coffee Law|first=Carol|last=Robertson|page=52|publisher=American Bar Association|year=2010|accessdate=13 December 2011|isbn=978-1-60442-985-5}}</ref>.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Qahva (turkum)]]
[[Turkum:Sudan florasi]]