George Orwell sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Adib
| Ism              = George Orwell
| Ism (oz tilida) = 
| Surat            = GeoreOrwell.jpg|160px
| Taxallus         = 
| Tavallud sanasi  = {{tugʻilgan sanasi|1903|6|25}}
| Vafot sanasi = {{vafot sanasi va yoshi|1950|1|21|1903|6|25}}
| Kasb = Yozuvchi, publitsist
| Faoliyat =
| Yonalish =
| Janr =
| Magnum opus =
}}

'''Eric Arthur Blair''' (1903-yil 25-iyun – 1950-yil 21-yanvar) britaniyalik yozuvchi, shoir, esseist, jurnalist va tanqidchi. Arthur '''George Orwell''' [[Qalam nomi|taxallusi]] ostida ijod qilgan. Bu nom oʻzining sevimli joyi [[Oruell daryosi|River Orwelldan]] ilhomlanib tanlangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell |sarlavha=George Orwell |ish=The British Library |qaralgan sana=4 October 2019 |arxivsana=16 January 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084546/https://www.bl.uk/people/george-orwell}}</ref>. Uning ijodi [[nasr]], [[ijtimoiy tanqid]], har qanday [[totalitarizm]]ga qarshilik va [[demokratik sotsializm]]ni qoʻllab-quvvatlash bilan ajralib turadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Gale |first=Steven H. |title=Encyclopedia of British Humorists: Geoffrey Chaucer to John Cleese, Volume 1 |date=1996 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=823}}</ref><ref name="thinktank2">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript990.html |sarlavha=PBS: Think Tank: Transcript for 'Orwell's Century' |ish=pbs.org |qaralgan sana=25 February 2015}}</ref>.

Orwell oʻzining [[Allegoriya|allegorik]] romani ''[[Molxona (novella)|"Molxona"]]'' (1945) va [[Utopik va distopik fantastika|distopik]] ''[[1984 (roman)|"1984"]]'' (1949) romani bilan mashhur, shuningdek, uning asarlari [[Tanqid (faoliyat)|adabiy tanqid]], sheʼriyat, badiiy adabiyot va [[polemik]] jurnalistikani ham qamrab olgan.

== Hayoti ==
Eric Arthur Blair 1903-yil 25-iyunda [[Britaniya Hindistoni]]ning Bengal (hozirgi [[Bihar]]) prezidentligidagi [[Motixari|Motihari]] shahrida oʻzi taʼriflagan „[[O'rta sinf|oʻrta sinf]]“ oilasida tavallud topgan<ref name="ODNB">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Crick |first=Bernard |authorlink=Bernard Crick |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2004 |chapter=Eric Arthur Blair [''pseud.'' George Orwell] (1903–1950)}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Road to Wigan Pier |page=1 |chapter=8 |date=1937 |last=Orwell |first=George |publisher=[[Left Book Club]]}}</ref>. Uning katta bobosi Charles Blair quldorlik bilan shugʻullanuvchi [[Erga tushgan janob|boy]], [[Yamaykadagi plantatsiyalar ro'yxati|Yamaykadagi ikkita plantatsiyaning]] [[Yo'qolgan uy egasi|egasi boʻlgan]]<ref name="LBS Charles Blair">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Legacies of British Slavery |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146636746 |ish=Legacies of British Slavery |nashriyot=University College London |qaralgan sana=28 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Stansky">{{Kitob manbasi |first=Peter |last=Stansky |authorlink=Peter Stansky |title=The Unknown Orwell and Orwell: The Transformation |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=[[Stanford, California]] |year=1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan/page/5 5–12] |chapter=From Bengal to St Cyprian's |isbn=978-0804723428 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan |url=https://archive.org/details/unknownorwellorw00stan/page/5}}</ref>. Bobosi Thomas Richard Arthur Blair [[anglikan cherkovi]] ruhoniysi edi. Orwellning otasi Richard Walmesley Blair boʻlib, [[Hindiston fuqarolik xizmati (ICS)|Hindiston davlat xizmatining]] [[afyun]] boʻlimida afyun agenti yordamchisi boʻlib faoliyat yuritgan<ref name="Taylor3">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Taylor |first=D.J. |title=Orwell: The Life |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0805074734 |url=https://archive.org/details/orwelllife00tayl}}</ref>. Onasi Ida Mabel Blair (qizlik familiyasi: Limouzin) Birmaning [[Molamyayn]] shahrida ulgʻaygan<ref name="Stansky" />. Ericning ikkita opa-singlisi bor edi: Marjorie (besh yosh katta) va Avril (besh yosh kichik). Eric bir yoshga toʻlganda, onasi uni va Marjorieni Angliyaga olib ketdi<ref name="crick48">Crick (1982), p. 48</ref>. 2014-yilda Motiharidagi Orwellning tugʻilgan joyi va ota-bobolarining uyida restavratsiya ishlari boshlandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Renovation of British Author George Orwell's house in Motihari begins |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/renovation-of-british-author-george-orwells-house-in-motihari-begins/ |ish=IANS |nashriyot=news.biharprabha.com |qaralgan sana=26 June 2014 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629044724/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/renovation-of-british-author-george-orwells-house-in-motihari-begins/ |arxivsana=29 June 2014}}</ref>.

1904-yilda Ida bolalari bilan Oksfordshirdagi [[Henli-on-Temza]]ga joylashdi. Eric onasi va opa-singillari orasida tarbiyalangan. 1907-yil oʻrtalarida qisqa tashrifdan tashqari, 1912-yilgacha otasini koʻrmagan<ref name="Taylor3"/><ref>A Kind of Compulsion 1903–36, xviii</ref>. Besh yoshida Eric Henley-on-Temzadagi [[O'qitish tartibi|monastir maktabiga]] kunduzgi talaba sifatida yuborilgan. Bu fransuz [[Ursulinlar|Ursulin]] rohibalari tomonidan boshqariladigan katolik [[monastir]]i edi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |first=Gordon |last=Bowker |title=George Orwell |page=21}}</ref>. Onasi uning [[Davlat maktabi (Buyuk Britaniya)|davlat maktabida]] taʼlim olishini xohlardi, lekin bunga imkoni yoʻq edi. Idaning akasi Charles Limouzinning ijtimoiy aloqalari tufayli Blair Sharqiy Sasseksning [[Istborn|Eastbourne]] shahridagi [[Avliyo Kipr maktabi|Sent-Kipriya maktabida]] stipendiya yutib oldi<ref name="Taylor3"/>. Blair maktabni yomon koʻrardi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |first=Alaric |last=Jacob |authorlink=Alaric Jacob |chapter=Sharing Orwell's Joys, but not his Fears |editor=Norris |title=Inside the Myth |publisher=Lawrence and Wishart |year=1984}}</ref>. Koʻp yillar oʻtgach, u yerda oʻtkazgan davriga asoslanib, "Such, Such Were the Joys „ inshosini yozdi. Ushbu insho uning vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan. Sent-Kipriyada Blair birinchi marta yozuvchilik faoliyatini boshlagan va ''[[Horizon (Britaniya jurnali)|Horizon]]'' muharriri sifatida Orwellning bir nechta insholarini nashr etgan [[Kiril Konolli|Cyril Connolly bilan]] uchrashgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-century Literature in English |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192122711 |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192122711/page/517 517]}}</ref>.

Sent-Cyprianʼsda boʻlganida, Blair ''[[Henley standarti|Henley va South Oxfordshire Standard]]'' jurnallarida nashr etilgan ikkita sheʼr yozgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2 October 1914 |title=Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=21 July 1916 |title=Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard}}</ref>. U [[Harrow tarixi mukofoti]]da Konollidan keyin ikkinchi oʻrinni egalladi, uning ishini maktabning tashqi nazoratchisi maqtadi. Shundan soʻng, [[Vellington kolleji, Berkshir|Vellington]] va [[Eton kolleji|Eton kollejlariga]] stipendiyalarni qoʻlga kiritdi. Ammo Eton stipendiyasi yashash uchun joyni kafolatlamadi. Blair Etonda joy topilsa, 1916-yil dekabrigacha Sent-Kipriyada qolishni tanladi<ref name="Taylor3"/>.

== Oʻqituvchilik faoliyati ==
1932-yil aprel oyida Blair London gʻarbida joylashgan [[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]] shahridagi oʻgʻil bolalar maktabi The Hawthorns High Schoolda oʻqituvchi boʻlib faoliyat yuritdi<ref>Crick (1982), p. 221</ref>. Mabel Fierz Moor bilan ishni davom ettirdi, 1932-yil iyun oyining oxirida Moor Blairga [[Viktor Gollancz|Viktor Gollanc]] oʻzining yaqinda tashkil etilgan [[Viktor Gollancz Ltd]] nashriyot uyi orqali 40 funt sterling avans evaziga ''“Scullionʼs Diary" ni'' nashr etishga tayyorligini aytdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Wagner |ism=David Paul |sana=2019 |sarlavha=Left Book Club |url=https://www.publishinghistory.com/left-book-club-victor-gollancz.html |ish=Publishing History}}</ref>.
== Vafoti ==
Orwellning sogʻligʻi pasayishda davom etdi. 1949-yil oʻrtalarida u [[Sonia Braunell|Sonia Brownell]] bilan uchrashishni boshladi va ular sentyabr oyida, Londondagi [[Universitet kolleji kasalxonasi]]ga olib ketilishidan biroz oldin oʻzlarining unashtirilganliklarini eʼlon qilishdi. Sonia ''[[1984 (roman)|1984]]'' qahramoni [[Yuliya (o'n to'qqiz sakson to'rt)|Yuliya]] uchun namuna boʻlgan degan tahminlar ham bor<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/may/19/georgeorwell.biography |sarlavha=Dedicated follower of passions |ish=The Guardian |sana=19 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/15/books/the-widow-orwell.html |sarlavha=The Widow Orwell |ish=The New York Times |sana=15 June 2003}}</ref>. Sonia Orwellning ishlarini oʻz zimmasiga oldi va kasalxonada unga gʻamxoʻrlik qildi. Brownell unga hayotining eng ogʻriqli soʻnggi oylarida yordam berganini va [[Entoni Pauell|Entoni Powellning]] soʻzlariga koʻra, Orwellni xursand qilganini aytishdi<ref>Powell, Anthony, 1977.</ref><ref name="Ross_2005">{{Jurnal manbasi|title=Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and infertility: what ailed George Orwell?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2005-12-01_41_11/page/1599|journal=Clin Infect Dis|volume=41|issue=11|pages=1599–1603|date=December 2005|doi=10.1086/497838|pmid=16267732|pmc=|issn=1058-4838}}</ref>.

1949-yil sentyabr oyida Orwell oʻzining hisobchisi Jack Harrisonni kasalxonaga taklif qildi. Harrisonning taʼkidlashicha, Orwell undan GOP Ltd direktori boʻlishni va kompaniyani boshqarishni soʻragan, ammo bunga holis guvoh yoʻq edi<ref name="Carroll">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=15 August 2014 |title=Tim Carroll 'A writer wronged' |work=The Sunday Times |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-writer-wronged-nc07cw9clc5 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>. Orwellning toʻyi 1949-yil 13-oktyabrda kasalxonada boʻlib oʻtdi<ref name="Ingle1993">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Ingle |first=Stephen |title=George Orwell: a political life |url=https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellpoli0000ingl |year=1993 |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |isbn=978-0719032332 |page=[https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellpoli0000ingl/page/90 90]}}</ref>. Uning buxgalteri bilan keyingi uchrashuv boʻldi, unda Harrison va Mrs Blair kompaniya direktori etib tasdiqlandi<ref name="Carroll" />. Orwellning sogʻligʻi Rojdestvo arafasida yana yomonlashdi<ref name="Carroll" />. 21-yanvar kuni erta tongda Orwellning oʻpkasida arteriya yorilib, 46 yoshida halok boʻldi<ref name="obit">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=22 January 1950 |title=George Orwell, author, 46, Dead. British Writer, Acclaimed for His '1984' and 'Animal Farm,' is Victim of Tuberculosis. Two Novels Popular Here Distaste for Imperialism |work=The New York Times}}</ref>.

=== Romanlar ===
* 1933&nbsp;– ''[[Down and Out in Paris and London]]''
* 1934&nbsp;– ''[[Burmese Days]]''
* 1935&nbsp;– ''[[A Clergyman's Daughter]]''
* 1936&nbsp;– ''[[Keep the Aspidistra Flying]]''
* 1937&nbsp;– ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]''
* 1938&nbsp;– ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]''
* 1939&nbsp;– ''[[Coming Up for Air]]''
* 1945&nbsp;– ''[[Molxona (novella)]]''
* 1949&nbsp;– ''[[1984 (roman)]]''

George Orwell [[tuberkulyoz]] tufayli [[London]]da vafot etgan.

== Qiziqarli faktlar ==
* Orwellning ijodida koʻpchilik totalitar tuzumning satirasini ilgʻay olganlariga qaramay, yozuvchining oʻzini hukumat uzoq vaqt davomida kommunistlar bilan yaqin aloqada boʻlganligidan shubhalangan. [[2007]]-yili yozuvchining shaxsiy ishi oydinlashtirilgandan keyin maʼlum boʻldiki, britan kontrrazvedkasi [[MI-5]] [[1929]]-yildan boshlab, deyarli yozuvchining vafoti [[1950]]-yilgacha izidan yurgan.

== Manbalar ==
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== Havolalar ==
{{Vikiiqtibos}}
* [http://www.oruel.ru/ George Orwell – yozuvchining ijodi haqida] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011093741/http://oruel.ru/ |date=2007-10-11 }} {{ref-ru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orwell, George}}
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