Quercus robur sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''''Quercus robur''''', oddiy '''eman''', '''pedunkulyar eman''', Ye'''vropa emani''' yoki '''ingliz emani''' Fagaceae oilasiga mansub [[Gulli oʻsimliklar|gulli o'simlik]] turi. Bu katta [[daraxt]] bo'lib, [[Kavkaz|Kavkazning]] g'arbiy qismi va [[Yevropa|Yevropadan]] kelib chiqqan. U boshqa joylarda mo'tadil mintaqalarda keng o'stiriladi va [[Xitoy]] va Shimoliy Amerikaning ayrim qismlarida yovvoyi holatda ham o‘sadi.

== Tavsif ==
[[Fayl:Baginton_oak_tree_july06.JPG|left|thumb| Angliyaning Baginton shahridagi qadimgi ingliz eman daraxti]]
[[Fayl:Quercus_robur_acorn_-_Keila.jpg|thumb| Eman yong‘og‘i]]
[[Fayl:Wistman's_Wood_in_winter.jpg|left|thumb| Angliyaning Devon shahridagi Uistman daraxtzoridagi qadimiy pedunkulyar emanlar]]
[[Fayl:Quercus_robur_-_sprouting_acorn.jpg|thumb| Ko‘chat o‘simligidan unib chiqmoqda]]
[[Fayl:Oaksprout.jpg|thumb| Shisha idishdagi eman daraxti]]
''Quercus robur'' - katta bargli daraxt bo'lib, katta yoshli emanlarning aylanasi {{Convert|4|m|abbr=off}} bo‘yi {{Convert|12|m|abbr=on}} metrgacha yetadi. Uzunligi {{Convert|12.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} bo'lgan Majesty Emani [[Buyuk Britaniya oroli|Buyuk Britaniyadagi]] eng qalin daraxtdir<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/countryside/8557126/Britains-record-breaking-trees-identified.html "Britain's record-breaking trees"], ''The Daily Telegraph''</ref>. [[Norvegiya|Norvegiyadagi]] Brureika (Kelin eman ) aylanasi {{Convert|10.86|m|abbr=on}} (2018)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/records/nor/|sarlavha=The thickest, tallest, and oldest trees in Norway}}</ref>. [[Latviya|Latviyadagi]] Kaive emanining aylanasi {{Convert|10.2|m|abbr=on}} [[Shimoliy Yevropa|Shimoliy Yevropadagi]] eng qalin daraxtlardan biridir.  Eng katta tarixiy eman Bosniyada o‘sadi balandligida 17,5 m, umumiy hajmi 150 m³ dan ortiq. 1998-yilda qulab tushdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Pedunculate Oaks (Quercus robur) worldwide|url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/world-quercusrobur/}}</ref>. Turning bo‘lakli va deyarli turg'un (juda qisqa poyali) [[Barg|barglari]] bor, uzunligi {{Convert|7|-|14|cm|abbr=off|frac=2|in}}. Gullash bahorning o'rtalaridan boshlanadi. Akorn deb ataladigan mevalar kuzning o'rtalarida pishib yetiladi. Akornning uzunligi {{Convert|2|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on|frac=8|in}}.

Bu uzoq umr ko'radigan daraxt. Tabiiyki, u bir necha asrgacha yashashi mumkin bo'lsa-da, eng qadimgi daraxtlarning ko'pchiligi pollarlangan yoki kaltalangan, bu ikkala usul daraxtning umrini uzaytiradi.  E'tiborga molik ikki daraxt [[Litva|Litvada]] Stelmužė eman va [[Bolgariya|Bolgariyadagi]] [[Granit]] eman bo'lib, ularning yoshi 1500 yildan oshgan bo'lib, ular Yevropadagi eng qadimgi emanlar bo'lishi mumkin. Taxminan 1200 yoshda bo'lgan "Kongeegen" ("Qirollar eman") deb nomlangan yana bir namuna [[Daniya|Daniyaning]] Jaegerspris shahrida o'sadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse paa Jægerspris|url=http://www.kongfrederik.dk/main.asp?me=41&sc=3|ish=www.kongfrederik.dk|qaralgan sana=23 October 2017}}</ref>. Yana boshqasini [[Shvetsiya|Shvetsiyaning]] Kvilleken shahrida topish mumkin, uning yoshi 1000 dan oshgan va uzunligi {{Convert|14|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} atrofida<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Nerladdningssida/?fileType=pdf&downloadUrl=%2FDocuments%2Fpublikationer%2F620-5617-4.pdf|sarlavha=The Oak Tree, from Peasant Torment to a Unifying Concept of Landscape Management|ism=Jerker|muallif=Moström|nashriyot=National Heritage Board of Sweden|ish=The Oak – History, Ecology Management and Planning|sana=May 2006|qaralgan sana=2022-11-28|arxivsana=2015-01-23|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123212605/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Nerladdningssida/?fileType=pdf&downloadUrl=%2FDocuments%2Fpublikationer%2F620-5617-4.pdf}}</ref>. Qizil (pollardlanmagan) namunalardan eng qadimgilaridan biri [[Germaniya|Germaniyaning]] [[Ivenack|Ivenak]] shahridagi katta emandir. Yoshi taxminan 700-800 ga yetadi. Shuningdek, [[Angliya|Angliyaning]] Linkolnshir shahridagi Bowthorpe emanining yoshi 1000 yil deb baholanadi, bu uni Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng qadimgi emanga aylantiradi<ref>Eniņš, Guntis (2008). [http://www.jr.lv/lv/veikals/prece/?shop_id=296940 ''100 dižākie un svētākie''] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307013031/http://www.jr.lv/lv/veikals/prece/?shop_id=296940 |date=2014-03-07 }}, AS Lauku Avīze, p. 25. {{ISBN|978-9984-827-15-5}}</ref>.

<gallery>
File:Granit Oak Bulgaria.JPG|Bolgariyadagi Granit eman
File:Granit Oak Bulgaria 02.JPG| Granit eman
File:Granit Oak Bulgaria 06.JPG| Granit eman
File:Granit Oak Bulgaria 09.JPG| Granit eman
</gallery>
=== Kimyo ===
Q. robur tarkibida da grandinin/roburin E, kastalagin / veskalagin, gal [[Gallat kislota|kislotasi]], monogalloil glyukoza ( glyukogallin ), valon kislotasi dilakton, monogalloil glyukoza, digalloil glyukoza, trigalloil glyukoza, ramnoz, quersitrin kislotasi<ref>Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. </ref> va triterpen saponinlari mavjud<ref>Identification of triterpene saponins in Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea Liebl. </ref>.

== Taksonomiya ==
''Quercus robur'' ( [[Lotin tili|lotincha]] ''quercus'', "eman" + ''robur'' "qattiq yog'och, eman daraxti, eman") ''Quercus'' turkumiga kiradi. Italiya, janubi-sharqiy Yevropa, Kichik Osiyo va Kavkazdagi populyatsiyalarga baʼzan alohida turlar sifatida qaraladi.
[[File:The Bowthorpe Oak - geograph.org.uk - 717661 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bowthorpe emani]]
Yaqin qarindoshi - o'tloq emaniga  (''Q. petraea'') ko‘p jihatdan o‘xshaydi . ''Q. robur'' ''Q.petraeadan ba‘zi xususiyatlari bilan farqlanadi, xususan,'' barglari bo'yicha Q.''petraea'' juda qisqa barg bandiga ega. Ikkalasi ko'pincha yovvoyi tabiatda o‘zaro chatishadi, gibrid ''Quercus × rosacea'' nomi bilan tanilgan.
[[File:Koneegen.jpg|thumb| Kongeegen emani]]
''Quercus roburni'' ''Q. rubra'' bilan aralashtirib yubormaslik kerak. Qizil eman, Shimoliy Amerikadan kelib chiqqan.

== Ekologiya ==
[[Fayl:Holz_der_Stieleiche.jpg|thumb| qobig'i va yog'och]]
[[Fayl:Oak_bark.jpg|thumb| Eman po'stlog'i]]
[[Fayl:Quercus_robur_MHNT.BOT.2010.6.75.jpg|thumb| ''Quercus robur'' - MHNT]]
[[Fayl:Juhász_Gyula_memorial_tree.JPG|thumb| Makodagi Gyula Yuxas yodgorlik daraxti]]
[[Fayl:Q-robur-concordia.jpg|thumb| ''Q. robur'' "Concordia"]]
''Quercus robur'' injiq tuproq sharoitlariga va [[Kontinental iqlim|kontinental iqlimga]] juda bardoshli, ammo unumdor va yaxshi sug'orilgan tuproqlarni afzal ko'radi. Yetuk daraxtlar suv toshqinlaridan omon qola oladi<ref>{{Citation|last=Ducousso, A.|title=Pedunculate and sessile oaks - ''Quercus robur''/''Quercus petraea'': Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use|date=2004|url=http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf|pages=6|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131185044/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf|publisher=[[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]]|access-date=2017-01-19|archivedate=2017-01-31|last2=Bordacs, S.}}</ref>.

''Q. robur'' oʻzining tabiiy hududi doirasida [[hasharotlar]] va boshqa yovvoyi [[hayvonlar]] uchun katta ahamiyatga ega. Ko'p hasharotlar daraxtning barglarida, kurtaklarida va boshoqlarida yashaydi<ref name="Rebirding">{{Kitob manbasi|last=MacDonald|first=Benedict|title=Rebirding|url=https://archive.org/details/rebirdingrestori0000bene|date=2019|publisher=Pelagic|location=Exeter, EX3 9BR|isbn=978-1-78427-219-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/rebirdingrestori0000bene/page/78 78]|edition=2020}}</ref>.

Akornlar bir nechta mayda [[Sut emizuvchilar|sutemizuvchilar]] va ba'zi qushlar, xususan, Yevroosiyo jaylari ''Garrulus glandarius'' uchun qimmatli oziq-ovqat manbai hisoblanadi. Jaylar, asosan, emanlarni tijorat maqsadida ekish boshlanishidan oldin<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|page=[https://archive.org/details/forestwoodlandtr0000whit/page/131 131]|title=Forest and Woodland Trees in Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/forestwoodlandtr0000whit|first=John|last=White|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-854883-4}}</ref> asosiy tarqatuvchilar boʻlgan (va hanuzgacha yovvoyi emanlarning asosiy koʻpaytiruvchisi boʻlib qolmoqda), chunki ular daraxtdan yong‘oqlarni olib, boshqa joyga koʻmib tashlagan. 

== Kultivatsiya ==
Bir qator [[Nav|navlar]] [[Bogʻ|bog'lar]] va botanika bog'lari, parklarda yetishtiriladi. Eng keng tarqalgan nav ''Quercus robur'' 'Fastigiata' bo'lib, odatda yovvoyi holatda o‘suvchi daraxtdan kichikroq, bo‘yi 10-15 m gacha o'sadi. Boshqa navlardan ajoyib barg navi bilan 

; Avstraliyada

Ingliz emani Avstraliyaning janubi-sharqiy qismidagi eng keng tarqalgan park daraxtlaridan biri bo'lib, o'zining o'sishi bilan ajralib turadi. [[Avstraliya|Avstraliyada]] u juda tez o'sadi va balandligi {{Convert|20|m|abbr=on}} gacha yetadi. Uning tanasi va ikkilamchi shoxlari juda qalin va qattiq bo'lib, chuqur yoriqli qora-kulrang po'stloq bilan qoplangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/quercus-robur.html|sarlavha=Quercus robur|nashriyot=Metrotrees.com.au|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02|arxivsana=2012-03-20|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211732/http://www.metrotrees.com.au/treehandbook/page-listings/quercus-robur.html}}</ref>. Avstraliyadagi eng katta eman [[Gʻarbiy Avstraliya|G'arbiy Avstraliyaning]] Donnybrook shahrida joylashgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Nina Smith|url=http://www.donnybrookmail.com.au/news/local/news/general/australias-biggest-oak-tree/1701700.aspx|sarlavha=Australia's Biggest Oak Tree|nashriyot=Donnybrookmail.com.au|sana=2009-12-10|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02|arxivsana=2011-09-21|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921143247/http://www.donnybrookmail.com.au/news/local/news/general/australias-biggest-oak-tree/1701700.aspx}}</ref>.

=== Navlari ===

* ''Quercus robur'' 'Fastigiata' ("sarv eman"), eng keng tarqalgan o'stiriladigan nav. Fastigiate emani dastlab Markaziy Yevropada topilgan tik daraxtdan ko'paytirildi.
* ''Quercus robur'' "Concordia" ("oltin eman"), juda sekin o'sadigan kichik daraxt, bo‘yi {{Convert|10|m|abbr=on}} ga yetadi, bahor va [[yoz]] davomida yorqin oltin-sariq barglari bilan qaplangan holatda tutadi. U dastlab 1843-yilda [[Gent|Gentdagi]] Van Geertning bolalar bog'chasida ko‘paytirilgan.
* ''Quercus robur'' 'Pendula' ("yig'layotgan eman"), 15 m gacha cho'zilgan shoxlari bo'lgan kichik va o'rta bo'yli daraxt.
* ''Quercus robur'' 'Purpurea' 10 m gacha o'sadigan yana bir nav, bargi binafsha rangli.
* ''Quercus robur'' 'Filicifolia' ("kesilgan bargli eman") bargi oldinga yo'naltirilgan ingichka bo'laklarga bo'lingan nav.
[[File:Quercus robur 'Fastigiata' - France 2006.jpg|thumb|Quercus robur 'Fastigiata' navi]]

=== Gibridlar ===
Tabiatda uchraydigan ''Q. × rosacea gibridi bilan birga'' boshqa tabiiy oq eman duragaylari mavjud, shu jumladan Tyorner eman ''Q.× turneri'', ''Q.× macdanielli'' va ''Q.× bimundorum'', oxirgi ikkitasi [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|Qo'shma Shtatlarda]] ishlab chiqilgan.

* ''Q. × bimundorum'' (Q. alba × ''Q. robur'') (ikki dunyo emani)
* ''Q. × macdanielli'' (Q. macrocarpa × ''Q.robur'') (meros eman)
* ''Q. × rosacea'' Bechst. (Q. petraea x ''Q.&nbsp;robur''), turg'un eman va ingliz emanining gibrididir. Odatda ota-onasi o'rtasida oraliq xarakterga ega, lekin vaqti-vaqti bilan u yoki bu ota-onaning yanada aniqroq xususiyatlarini namoyon qiladi.
* ''Q. × turneri'' Willd. (Q. ilex× ''Q.robur'') (Terner eman), dumaloq toj bilan kichik va o'rta kattalikdagi yarim doim yashil daraxt; u dastlab Spenser Tyornerning Holloway Down bolalar bog'chasida tarbiyalangan, Leyton, Esseks, Buyuk Britaniya, zoolog [[Lamark Jan Batist Pyer Antuan de Mone|Jan-Batist Lamark]] tomonidan 1783-yilda [[Versal saroyi|Versalning]] Trianon shahrida ''chêne de turnère'' sifatida qayd etilgan<ref>[[Henry John Elwes]], ''The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland'', ''s.v.'' </ref><ref>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D460474 Turner's will, PRO]</ref>. Yangi namuna 1798-yilda Kew qirollik botanika bog'ida ekilgan; u 1987-yilgi Buyuk bo'ronda ildizi bilan ag'darildi va boshqa yerga ko'chirildi. Bu holat uning sog'lom o'sishini oshirdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/plants/trees/turnersoak.html|sarlavha=Kew: Plants: Turner's Oak, Quercus x turneri|nashriyot=Rbgkew.org.uk|sana=1987-10-16|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820065524/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/plants/trees/turnersoak.html|arxivsana=20 August 2008}}</ref>.
* Q. × warei (''Q. robur fastigiata'' x ''Q.bicolor''), tik ingliz eman va botqoq oq eman o'rtasidagi gibrid. Ushbu gibriddagi navlar orasida "Uzoq" ( Regal Prince )<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://buckeyegardening.com/potm0406.html|sarlavha=Plant of the Month|nashriyot=Buckeyegardening.com|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02|arxivsana=2012-02-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210183043/http://buckeyegardening.com/potm0406.html}}</ref> va "Nadler" ( Kindred Spirit ) mavjud<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.oaknames.org/search/index.asp|sarlavha=''International Oak Society Link''|nashriyot=Oaknames.org|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02|arxivsana=2012-02-20|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220024107/http://www.oaknames.org/search/index.asp}}</ref>.

=== Kasalliklar ===

* Emanning keskin pasayishi
* ''Erysiphe alphitoides'' sabab bo'lgan chang chiriyotgan <ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-7b3d24|qaralgan sana=13 April 2013|sarlavha=Oak mildew|nashriyot=[[Forestry Commission]]|yil=2013|arxivsana=2017-07-03|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703052409/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-7b3d24}}</ref>
* To'satdan eman o'limi

== Tijorat o'rmon xo'jaligi ==
''Quercus roburga'' mebel ishlarida talab katta bo'lgan uzoq muddatli va bardoshli [[Yogʻoch|yog‘och]] ishlab chiqaradi. ''Q. robur'' yog'och  tolalarga perpendikulyar kesmani yaqindan tekshirish orqali aniqlanadi. Yog'och o'zining aniq (ko'pincha keng) quyuq va ochiq jigarrang o'sish halqalari bilan ajralib turadi. Yosh yog'och juda ko'p sonli yirik kesmalardan iborat. Yog'och zichligi har bir kubometr uchun {{Convert|720|kg|abbr=off}} ni tashkil qiladi<ref>[http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/british-oak/ British Oak] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103163334/http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/native-hardwood/british-oak/ |date=2019-11-03 }}.</ref>.

== Madaniyat ==

=== Basklar mamlakati ===
Basklar mamlakatida (Ispaniya va [[Fransiya]]) eman an'anaviy Bask erkinligini anglatadi. Bu Gernikada joylashgan qadimiy eman daraxti bo'lgan "Gernika daraxti" ga asoslangan bo'lib, uning ostida kamida XIII asrdan beri Biskay lordlari, keyin esa ularning vorislari Kastiliya qirollari va Ispaniya qirollari tantanali ravishda qasamyod qilishgan. Biscay nizomi, Biscay [[Vizcaya (provinsiya)|aholisiga]] keng tarqalgan huquqlarni ta'minladi. XIV asrdan boshlab, Xuntas Generales (Biskay parlamenti) eman daraxti yonidagi binoga yig'iladi va ramziy ravishda o'z qasamyodlarini daraxt ostida qabul qiladilar.
[[Image:P5393 Guernica Gernikako Arbola Tregenza.jpg|thumb|Gernika darxti]]

=== Bolgariya ===
Bolgariyaning milliy gerbida ikkita kesishgan eman novdalari tasvirlangan.
[[File:Dormant buds on twig of English Oak Quercus robur 5523.jpg|thumb|Quercus robur kurtagi]]
[[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|Bolgariya gerbi]]

=== Xorvatiya ===
1993-yildan boshlab zarb qilinayotgan Xorvatiya 5 lipa tangasining orqa tomonida eman barglari tasvirlangan l. Xorvatiyaning Slavoniya viloyatidagi pedunkulyar eman (alohida kichik tur - ''slavyan emani'' deb hisoblanadi) Slavoniya va [[Xorvatiya|Xorvatiyaning]] milliy ramzidir<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/croatia/croatian-national-symbols/10872|sarlavha=Croatian National Symbols|nashriyot=kwintessential.co.uk/|qaralgan sana=2013-04-23|arxivsana=2013-05-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105409/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/croatia/croatian-national-symbols/10872}}</ref>.

=== Finlandiya ===
An'anaviy [[Finlar|Finlandiya]] madaniyatida eman muqaddas daraxt hisoblanadi<ref name="yle">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/06/20/mytologia-myyttinen-tammi|ism=Reetta|muallif=Ranta|sarlavha=Mytologia: Myyttinen tammi|sana=20 June 2016|til=fi|ish=yle.fi|nashriyot=[[Yle|Finnish Broadcasting Company]]|qaralgan sana=3 June 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407041309/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/06/20/mytologia-myyttinen-tammi|arxivsana=7 April 2017}}</ref>. Fin mifologiyasida<ref name="yle" /><ref name="turunsanomat">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074138309|ism=Topi|muallif=Nykänen|sarlavha=Elämänvoiman juurella|sana=6 August 2006|til=fi|ish=Turun Sanomat|qaralgan sana=3 June 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/20220603095221/https://www.ts.fi/teemat/1074138309|arxivsana=2022-06-03}}</ref> eman ko'plab sehrli xususiyatlarga ega deb hisoblangan va u an'anaviy Fin xalq tabobatida ham ishlatilgan<ref name="yle" />.
<gallery>File:English Oak (Quercus robur) planted for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II at Azelia Ley Homestead Museum, March 2021.jpg|Ingliz emani 
File:Quercus robur 'Concordia' kz01.jpg|Quercus robur 'Concordia' 
File:Onderkant eikel van een zomereik met wortelkiem (Quercus robur) 02.jpg|Quercus robur
</gallery>
1746-yilda barcha eman daraxtlari qonuniy ravishda qirollik mulki sifatida tasniflangan (o'sha paytda Finlandiya Shvetsiyaning bir qismi edi). Eman XVII asrdan boshlab qonunan himoya qilib kelinmoqda<ref name="karjalohja">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi/pipola.html|yil=2019|sarlavha=Pipolan tammimetsikkö|til=fi|ish=aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi|nashriyot=Karjalohjan Kotiseutuyhdistys|qaralgan sana=3 June 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/20220603100914/http://aikamatkakarjalohjalla.fi/pipola.html|arxivsana=2022-06-03}}</ref>.

Eman, shuningdek, janubi- g'arbiy Finlandiya mintaqasining mintaqaviy daraxti<ref name="luontoportti">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://luontoportti.com/t/1365/tammi|sarlavha=Tammi|til=fi|ish=Luontoportti|qaralgan sana=3 June 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/20220603102410/https://luontoportti.com/t/1365/tammi|arxivsana=2022-06-03}}</ref><ref name="helsinki">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.helsinki.fi/metsatieteet/arboretum/puulajit/quercus_robur.html|sarlavha=Quercus robur - Tammi|ism=Antti|muallif=Sipilä|til=fi|ish=helsinki.fi|nashriyot=[[University of Helsinki]]|qaralgan sana=3 June 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101184518/http://www.helsinki.fi/metsatieteet/arboretum/puulajit/quercus_robur.html|arxivsana=1 November 2019}}</ref>.

=== Fransiya ===
 
Qadim zamonlardan beri eman daraxti Fransiyada ramziy ahamiyatga ega. Ba'zi emanlar [[Gallar]] tomonidan muqaddas daraxtlar hisoblangan.Xristianlashtirishdan keyin ham, eman daraxtlari druidlarni himoya qiluvchi vosita hisoblangan. Chunki chaqmoq odatda aholi punktlariga emas eman daraxtlariga tushadi. Bunday kuygan daraxtlar ko'pincha Chene ibodatxonasi kabi sajda qilish joylariga aylantiriladi. Qirol [[Louis IX Avliyo]] eman daraxti ostida adolat o'rnatgan. [[Buyuk fransuz inqilobi|Fransuz inqilobi davrida]] eman ko'pincha ozodlik daraxtlari sifatida ekilgan ([[:fr:Arbre de la liberté|fr]]). Shunday daraxtlardan biri, 1848-yil inqilobida ekilgan eman, [[Natsizm|natsistlar]] tomonidan Oradur-syur-Glane vayron qilinganidan keyin omon qoldi. Eman novdasi Fransiya davlat gerbining bir qismidir. General [[Charles de Gaulle|Sharl de Gollning]] o'limi haqida e'lon qilingandan so'ng, karikaturachi Jak Fayzant uni qulagan eman sifatida tasvirlagan.

=== Germaniya ===
Germaniyada eman daraxti ("Germaniya emani" deb nomlanuvchi hudud) romantika ramz sifatida ishlatiladi. Buni Caspar David Fridrixning bir nechta rasmlarida va Jozef Freyxer fon Eyxendorff tomonidan yozilgan "Yaxshi odamning hayoti haqida" asarida topish mumkin. Bu asarlarda eman turli vaziyatlarda, barglari va gullari bilan yoki avvalgi go'zalligisiz o'lik holda ko'rsatilgan. Bundan tashqari, eman daraxti Germaniyaning mustahkamligi va barqarorligi ramzidir. Eski [[Marka (pul birligi)|nemis]] markasidagi tangalarning teskari tomonida eman novdalari aks ettirilgan (1 dan 10 gacha Pfennigs; 50 Pfennig tangasida eman ko‘chati ekayotgan ayol tasvirlangan) va hozirda nemis [[Yevro|evro]] valyuta tangalarining orqa yuzida ham aks ettirilgan (1 dan 5 tsentgacha).

=== Irlandiya ===
Irlandiyada, Birr qal'asida 400 yoshdan oshgan aylanasi {{Convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}} ga teng eman daraxti o‘sadi. U Norman istilosidan oldin hukmronlik qilgan mahalliy boshliqlar Eli O'Kerroll sharafiga Kerroll Oak nomi bilan atalgan<ref>Fifty Trees of Distinction by Prof. </ref>.

=== Latviya ===
Eman latviya davlatining milliy ramzi hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina [[Latishlar|Latviya]] xalq qo'shiqlari eman daraxti haqida. Gerb eman daraxti shoxlari bilan bezatilgan.

=== Ruminiya ===
Rugbi Ittifoqi ''The Oaks nomi bilan tanilgan.''

=== Skandinaviya ===
[[Fayl:Tammisaari.vaakuna.svg|thumb| Ekenas gerbida tasvirlangan eman]]
Skandinaviya mamlakatlarida eman daraxti xudo Thorni ifodalovchi "momaqaldiroq daraxtlari" hisoblangan<ref>{{cite book | title = Suomen terveyskasvit : luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet | page= 256 | author = Marja-Leena Huovinen & Kaarina Kanerva | year = 1982 | location = Helsinki | publisher = Valitut Palat | isbn = 951-9078-87-8 | language=fi}}</ref>.

=== Birlashgan Qirollik ===
Angliyada ingliz emanı milliy daraxt maqomini oldi. Bu Boskobel uyidagi eman daraxtidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, u yerda bo'lajak qirol Charlz II 1650-yilda [[Ingliz inqilobi|ingliz fuqarolar urushi]] paytida parlamen ta'qibchilardan yashiringan. 29-may kuni eman olma kuni sifatida nishonlandi, ba'zi jamoalarda bayramni nishonlash shu kungacha davom etmoqda<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/moonraking/folklore_oak_apple.shtml|sarlavha=Wiltshire - Moonraking - Oak Apple Day|nashriyot=BBC|sana=1931-05-29|qaralgan sana=2012-05-02}}</ref>. Xalq og‘zaki ijodida [[Robin Hood|Robin Gud]] boshpana topgan taxmin qilingan joy Mayor Eman hisoblanadi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2018-02-16 |title=The Definitive List of British Oak Trees & Their History {{!}} EHBP |language=en-GB |work=English Heritage Buildings |url=https://www.ehbp.com/the-definitive-list-of-british-oak-trees-their-history/ |access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, eman Angliyadagi eng keng tarqalgan o'rmon daraxtidir<ref>{{Veb manbasi|ism=Steve|muallif=Smith|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/frnationalinventory0001.pdf/$FILE/frnationalinventory0001.pdf|sarlavha=The National Inventory of Woodland and Trees - England|nashriyot=Forestry Commission|qaralgan sana=2022-11-28|arxivsana=2017-07-03|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703031550/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/frnationalinventory0001.pdf/$FILE/frnationalinventory0001.pdf}}</ref>. Funt tanganing teskari tomonida eman daraxti tasvirlangan (1987 va 1992-yillardagi nashrlar) va eman barglari va shoxlari novdasi Milliy trestning timsoli hisoblanadi.

== Genetika ==
''Q.'' roburning genomi toʻliq ketma-ketligi 2016-yilda nashr etildi(GenOak loyihasi). Unda 12 juft &nbsp;xromosoma, taxminan 26,000&nbsp;gen bor&nbsp;<ref>[http://www.oakgenome.fr/ Oak genome sequencing]{{Oʻlikhavola|date=avgust 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Manzarali daraxtlar]]
[[Turkum:Yevropa bog‘ o‘simliklari]]
[[Turkum:Eman]]
[[Turkum:Dorivor oʻsimliklar]]